Elie Wiesel Holocaust Survivor Essay -- Essays Papers

Elie Wiesel Holocaust Survivor As war broke out in Europe during 1939, no one could either imagine or believe the terror that Adolf Hitler would soon bring to the lives of Jewish people. Drawing from his paranoia and a drive for a world Nazi power, Hitler singled out the Jews as the cause for problems in Germany and began to carry out his plan for the destruction of a part of humanity. Hitler not only persecuted the Jews of Germany, but he also targeted the Jews in Poland and other parts of Europe, such as Transylvania, which was the home of Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel. Breaking his self-imposed vow of silence in 1958, Elie Wiesel published Night which details his horrific experiences at the Auschwitz, Buna, and Buchenwald concentration camps during World War II. Deported from his home in Sighet, Transylvania when just a teenager, Wiesel along with many others struggled through bitter cold, inadequate meals, excruciating labor, and long journeys in overcrowded, filthy train cars. In Night, Wiesel not only details his horrific experiences, but also shows how the Jews first denied the Holocaust, next rejected God, and finally how fathers and sons struggled against each other for survival. Wiesel begins his story in 1944 with memories of his idol, Moesh the Beadle. Moesh talked for long hours with Wiesel about prayer, God, and Jewish books. Suddenly, one day all foreign Jews were removed from Sighet and since Moesh was a foreigner, he was crammed into the overcrowded trains by the Hungarian police. As the train pulled away one Jew said,"What can we expect? It's war."1 This comment displays the beginning of the denial by the Jews. The community of Sighet talked of how well the deportees were doing as workers i... .... Frangsmyr, 1 23. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc., Danbury, CT. Bibliography - Arad, Yitzhak, Yisrael Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot. Documents on The Holocaust. Jerusalem, Israel: Ahva Cooperative Press, 1981. - Frangsmyr, Tore. Biography of Elie Wiesel-Nobel Peace Prize-1986. Les Prix Nobel. http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/peace-1986-1-bio.html (25 October 1998) - Grace, Richard A. Elie Wiesel Ellis Island Medals of Honor. http://www.neco.org/e.wiesel.html (25 October 1998) - Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc. , Danbury, CT. - Holmstrom, David. conversations with Outstanding Americans: Elie Wiesel The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com (15 October 1998) - Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Hill & Wang Publishing, 1982.

Neutralization Test for Virus

NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR VIRUS Neutralization of a virus is defined as the loss of infectivity through reaction of the virus with specific antibody. Virus and serum are mixed under appropriate condition and then inoculated into cell culture, eggs or animals. The presence of unneutralized virus may be detected by reactions such as CPE, haemadsorption/haemagglutination, plaque formation, disease in animals. The loss of infectivity is bought about by interference by the bound Ab with any one of the steps leading to the release of the viral genome into the host cells.There are two types of neutralization;- Reversible neutralization – The neutralization process can be reversed by diluting the Ab-Ag mixture within a short time of the formation of the Ag-Ab complexes (30 mins). It is thought that reversible neutralization is due to the interference with attachment of virions to the cellular receptors eg. the attachment of the HA protein of influenza viruses to sialic acid. The process requires the saturation of the surface of the virus with Abs.Stable neutralization – with time, Ag-Ab complexes usually become more stable (several hours) and the process cannot be reversed by dilution. Neither the virions nor the Abs are permanently changed in stable neutralization, for the unchanged components can be recovered. The neutralized virus can be reactivated by proteolytic cleavage. Stable neutralization has a different mechanism to that of reversible neutralization. It had been shown that neutralized virus can attach and that already attached virions can be neutralized.The number of Ab molecules required for stable neutralization is considerably smaller than that of reversible neutralization, Kinetic evidence shows that even a single Ab molecule can neutralize a virion. Such neutralization is generally produced by Ab molecules that establish contact with 2 antigenic sites on different monomers of a virion, greatly increasing the stability of the complexes. An ex ample of stable neutralization is the neutralization of polioviruses, whereby, the attachment of the antibody to the viral capsid stabilizes the capsid and inhibits the uncoating and release of viral nucleic acid.Viral evolution must tend to select for mutations that change the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization. In contrast, other antigenic sites would tend to remain unchanged because mutations affecting them would not be selected for and could even be detrimental. A virus would thus evolve from an original type to a variety of types, different in neutralization (and sometimes in HI) tests, but retaining some of the original mosaic of antigenic determinants recognizable by CFTs.Because of its high immunological specificity, the neutralization test is often the standard against which the specificity of the other serological techniques is evaluated. Before the neutralization test is carried out, the known components that are to be used must be standardized. To identify a virus isolate, a known pretitred antiserum is used. Conversely, to measure the antibody response of an individual to a virus, a known pretitred virus is used. To titrate a known virus, serial tenfold dilutions of the isolate is prepared and inoculated into a susceptible host system such as cell culture or animal.The virus endpoint titre is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of virus that infects 50% of the host system eg. 50% of cell cultures develop CPE, or 50% of animals develop disease. This endpoint dilution contains one 50% tissue culture infecting dose (TCID50) or one 50% lethal dose (LD50) of virus per unit volume. The concentration of virus generally used in the neutralization test is 100 TCID50 or 100 LD50 per unit volume. The antiserum is titrated in the neutralization test against its homologous virus.Serial twofold dilutions of serum is prepared and mixed with an equal volume containing 100TCID50 of virus. The virus and serum mixtures are incubated for 1 hour at 3 7oC. The time and temperature for incubation varies with different viruses. The mixtures are then inoculated into a susceptible host system. The endpoint titration contains one antibody unit and is the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the antiserum protecting against the virus. Generally 20 antibody units of antiserum is used in the neutralization tests.

Is the Operation of Auditing Necessary Essay - 1829 Words

[IS THE OPERATION OF AUDITS NECESSARY?] [We need to understand that audit is about achieving customer satisfaction in order to gain repeat business and overall increase company revenue.] What is business ethics? The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. Business ethics is the behavior that a business devotes to in its daily dealings with the world. Auditing is the analysis and inspection of the financial accounts/records whether or not a company has a qualified accountant and procedures of a firm or organization. This is necessary to gain a fair information on the company’s financial statements. With its auditing, potential investors and creditors can look at the financial statements to decide whether to invest in a business†¦show more content†¦Managing for honor is far more than compliance, it also includes management self governance in which company’s employee ethics play a major role. The key aspect for employment is education, leadership, and accountability. These are the compliance strategies that are usually based upon externally established standards. In the corporate world, the key word â€Å"stakeholder† is considere d a questionable term. The word stakeholder is used to describe stockholder and investors who are involved in accusation made by the firm. Stakeholder theory has become well known theme in the business/ethics and society literature. This term has developed more meaning not just in the business world but also in political implication because of the Labor Party in Great Britain, who has adopted this theory. To many economists the word â€Å"stakeholder† is known as the internal code which is used by many companies managers to justify their breaching of fiduciary duty to the owners of the companies. It is believed that a big benefaction comes from well studied case, field research of the firms that would be willing to engage us to help understand how managers overcome the ethical issues in the business world. Such ‘ethical audits’ would not only help clarify current ethical issues in business but would engage us to better understand theShow MoreRelatedOperational A udit1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthe effectiveness and/or efficiency of operations. †¢ Examinations of all or part of an entity to determine the degree of its operational efficiency, effectiveness and economy. †¢ Also refers to the auditor’s study of business operations for the purpose of making recommendations about economic and efficient use of resource, effective achievement of business objectives and compliance with company policies. †¢ The term operational auditing is the most widely used today. †¢ Read MoreEssay on Internal Auditing and What It Entalis1137 Words   |  5 PagesTo answer this question we will have to first understand what is internal auditing and what does it entail and then answer why internal auditing is â€Å"eyes and ears† of management. Internal Auditing as defined in the IPPF Framework is â€Å"an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organisation’s operations. It helps an organisation accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness ofRead MoreMemo On Program Evaluation Of Internal Auditing System1060 Words   |  5 PagesPratusha kudumula DATE: feb3, 2016. SUBJECT: Memo on program evaluation of internal auditing system in Pharmaceutical industry. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of this memo is to discuss the purpose, determine the conformity or non-conformity of the quality system in meeting the specified requirements to clients, and how the internal auditing system in Pharmaceutical industry works. Conducting internal auditing of operations are key elements of a good quality system. 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Instead, the numerous cases of poor CG and IC portray that auditing practices have been poorly applied or have been overlooked by some of the managers. To rectify this, the following section on ‘the importance of IC and audit will be looked at, as a process to help improve charities’ IC systems through the effectiveRead MoreMadoff Securities Inc., Had Limited Resources And Fragmented1198 Words   |  5 Pagesunable to examine the broker dealer operations of Madoff Investment securities. The lack of resources also affects the ability of the company to deal with financial and credit crisis (Hornuf Haas, 2014). Most importantly, the company lacked regular examination of audit procedures in analyzing the fraudulent actions. The regulatory oversights have various gaps in regulation that allowed investment and broker dealers to form unclear relationships. The operations of the Ponzi scheme did not possessRead MoreSystem Integrity and Validation1007 Words   |  5 PagesFine Foods management team is considering incorporating proposed computer assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) within its systems. CAATs will increase effi ciency levels of an auditor’s personal productivity during analysis and data extraction of the audit which is beneficial to the performance of Kudler. CAAT will also service as a validation agent providing assurance of data integrity and reliability to the operations of Kudler Fine Foods for its users. CAAT surfaces inconsistencies that can be verifiedRead MoreWhy Would The Owners Of Lakeside1657 Words   |  7 Pagesas the company’s banks, require that an annual audit may be made by an independent CPA firm? Auditing in general, is necessary because of the existence of Information risk or the risk of unreliable information. Owners of lakeside may own the company but they are not closely involved in managing the business with the exception of Rogers, the only owner involved actively in the business’ day to day operations. So, an independent audit for non-managing owners provides a trusted second opinion on lakeside’sRead MoreImportance of External Auditors1110 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion on the organization’s financial statement and effectiveness of the accounting polices in order to help management to make decisions. If the independence of the external auditors is impaired, the public will doubt the quality of professional auditing services, and the consequence would be very serious, just like the bankruptcy of Enron led to the disorganization of Arthur Andersen, once a giant accounting company in the world. In order to maintain and increase the independence of external auditorsRead MoreThe Role Of Auditing Standards On The Agency Theory And Review Common Benefits1291 Words   |  6 Pagesbriefly describes the nature of auditing issues including the independence of auditor – Arthur Anderson and its compliance of auditing standards about the collapse of HIH insurance from five articles. Secondly, it discusses and highlights some ethical issues, stakeholders including the relationships between HIH directors and its auditing team, and outlines their financial and non-financial problems around HIH’s stakeholders. This report also analyze HIH’s auditing issues applying on the agency theory